Passenger Perceptions, Information Preferences, and Usability of Crowding Visualizations on Public Displays in Transit Stations and Vehicles

Large crowds in public transit stations and vehicles introduce obstacles for wayfinding, hygiene, and physical distancing. Public displays that currently provide on-site transit information could also provide critical crowdedness information. Therefore, we examined people's crowd perceptions and information preferences before and during the pandemic, and designs for visualizing crowdedness to passengers. We first report survey results with public transit users (n = 303), including the usability results of three crowdedness visualization concepts. Then, we present two animated crowd simulations on public displays that we evaluated in a field study (n = 44). We found that passengers react very positively to crowding information, especially before boarding a vehicle. Visualizing the exact physical spaces occupied on transit vehicles was most useful for avoiding crowded areas. However, visualizing the overall fullness of vehicles was the easiest to understand. We discuss design implications for communicating crowding information to support decision-making and promote a sense of safety. © 2023 ACM.

Evolutionary game analysis of crowding risk control strategies during the COVID-19 Pandemic

To discuss the decision-making scheme of crowding risk management during the COVID-19 pandemic, this paper constructs an evolutionary game model based on the changes of pedestrian and government strategies, and simulates the strategy selection under different states. The results show that under the condition of pedestrian rationality, when the difference between the benefits and costs of the government's active response strategy is less than the benefits of inaction, the government will choose the strategy of inaction. If the benefit of rational action is less than the additional benefit of irrational action, pedestrians will choose irrational action. By establishing the replication dynamic equations of governments and pedestrians, the stability strategy of the system is analyzed. It is found that the values of R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7 will affect the strategy choices of the players, and how to measure the benefits and costs under different circumstances becomes the key to the problem. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the risk control decision of human crowding during the COVID-19 epidemic. © 2023 SPIE.

Leaving Without Being Seen from the Pediatric Emergency Department: A New Baseline

BACKGROUND Left without being seen (LWBS) rates are an important quality metric for pediatric emergency departments (ED), with high acuity LWBS children representing a patient safety risk. Since 07/2021, our ED experienced a surge in LWBS after the most stringent COVID-19 quarantine restrictions ended. OBJECTIVES We assessed changes in LWBS rates and examined associations of system factors and patient characteristics with LWBS. METHODS We performed a retrospective study in a large, urban pediatric ED, for all arriving patients, comparing three time-periods: before COVID (PRE, 01/2018 – 02/2020), during early-COVID (COVID, 03/2020 – 06/2021), and after the emergence of COVID-19 variants and reemergence of seasonal viruses (POST, 07/2021 – 12/2021). We compared descriptive statistics of daily LWBS rates, patient demographics, and system characteristics. Negative binomial (system factors) and logistic regression (patient characteristics) models were developed to evaluate the associations between system factors and LWBS, and patient characteristics and LWBS, respectively. RESULTS Mean daily LWBS rates changed from 1.8% PRE to 1.4% COVID to 10.7% during POST. Rates increased across every patient demographic and triage level during POST, despite a decrease in daily ED volume compared to PRE. LWBS rates were significantly associated with ESI 2 patients, average ED census, and staff productivity within multiple periods. Patient characteristics associated with LWBS included lower assigned triage levels and arrival between 8PM and 4AM. CONCLUSIONS LWBS rates have shown a large and sustained increase since July 2021, even for high acuity patients. We identified system factors that may provide opportunities to reduce LWBS. Further work should develop strategies to prevent LWBS in at-risk patients.

Three's a crowd? Examining evolving public transit crowding standards amidst the COVID-19 pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic dramatically affected public transit systems around the globe. Because transit systems typically move many people closely together on buses and trains, public health guidance demanded that riders should keep a distance of about two meters to others changed the definition of "crowding” on transit in 2020. Accordingly, this research examines how U.S. public transit agencies responded to public health guidance that directly conflicted with their business model. To do this, we examined published crowding standards before the COVID-19 pandemic for a representative sample of 200 transit systems, including whether they started or changed their published standards during the pandemic, as well as the reasons whether agencies publicize such standards at all. We present both descriptive statistics and regression model results to shed light on the factors associated with agency crowding standards. We find that 56% of the agencies surveyed published crowding standards before the pandemic, while only 46% published COVID-19-specific crowding standards. Regression analyses suggest that larger agencies were more likely to publish crowding standards before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, likely because they are more apt to experience crowding. Pandemic-specific crowding standards, by contrast, were associated with a more complex set of factors. We conclude that the relative lack of pandemic standards reflects the uncertainty and fluidity of the public health crisis, inconsistent and at times conflicting with the guidance from public health officials, and, in the U.S., a lack national or transit industry consensus on appropriate crowding standards during the first year of the pandemic.

Domestic Space Connections, Relationships and Overcrowding in Affordable Housing

In people's imagination, the dwelling represents a fundamental part of life. The house has forever been not only a shelter, but it also occupies the majority of people's economic and temporal resources. The matter of housing has become however noticeably more complex following the COVID-19 pandemic, since it has imposed a different relationship between the dwelling and the way of living the population was used to, as well as working, entertaining and conducting their own lives. Therefore, in addition to the energetic matters, already highlighted for some time, also problems related to the general welfare have been added, with particular attention to the quality of the space in which the daily life takes place. The paper reports some initial considerations of a piece of research which intends to investigate the domestic space and its relations with the users in the new house-hold configurations and in possible evolutionary scenarios of the concept of house and domestic space. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

Environmental regulation and corporate financialization: insight from Blue Sky Protection Campaign in China.

Environmental regulation restricts corporate pollution emissions and affects corporate investment decisions and asset allocation. Based on the data of A-share listed enterprises in China from 2013 to 2021 and the difference in differences (DID) model, this paper identifies the impact of environmental regulation on corporate financialization with the help of the "Blue Sky Protection Campaign (2018-2020)" (BSPC) of China. The results indicate that environmental regulation has a crowding-out effect on corporate financialization. Enterprises with stricter financing constraints receive more significant crowding-out effects. This paper provides a new perspective on the "Porter hypothesis." Under the constraint of financial resources and high environmental protection costs, enterprises carry out innovative activities and environmental protection investments by consuming financial assets to reduce the risk of environmental violations. The government's environmental regulation is an effective way to guide the financial development of enterprises, control environmental pollution, and promote enterprise innovation.

Crowding on public transport using smart card data during the COVID-19 pandemic: New methodology and case study in Chile.

Most crowding measures in public transportation are usually aggregated at a service level. This type of aggregation does not help to analyze microscopic behavior such as exposure risk to viruses. To bridge such a gap, our paper proposes four novel crowding measures that might be well suited to proxy virus exposure risk at public transport. In addition, we conduct a case study in Santiago, Chile, using smart card data of the buses system to compute the proposed measures for three different and relevant periods of the COVID-19 pandemic: before, during, and after Santiago's lockdown. We find that the governmental policies diminished public transport crowding considerably for the lockdown phase. The average exposure time when social distancing is not possible passes from 6.39 min before lockdown to 0.03 min during the lockdown, while the average number of encountered persons passes from 43.33 to 5.89. We shed light on how the pandemic impacts differ across various population groups in society. Our findings suggest that poorer municipalities returned faster to crowding levels similar to those before the pandemic.

Molecular Crowding Modulates SARS-CoV-2 Aptamer Affinity

SARS-CoV-2 aptamer is a favorable candidate for the recognition and detection of SARS-CoV-2, owing to its small size and easy synthesis. However, the issue of compromised binding affinities in real samples and targeting mutant SARS-CoV-2 hinder wide applications of the aptamer. In this study, it is discovered that molecular crowding could increase binding affinity of CoV2-6C3 aptamer against RBD (Receptor Binding Domain) of SARS-CoV-2 via increasing the absolute value of the enthalpy change. The values of the equilibrium dissociation constant in molecular crowding decrease by 70% and 150%, respectively, against wild-type and mutant RBD compared with those in buffer without crowding. Moreover, the detection limit of SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus is up to 5 times lower under molecular crowding compared to dilute conditions. The discovery deepens the understanding of aptamer-target interaction mechanisms in crowding conditions and provides an effective way to apply SARS-CoV-2 aptamer for virus recognition and detection.

The impact of military expenditures on out of pocket healthcare payments: international evidence based on a dynamic panel data analysis

PurposeThe empirical analysis dealt in this paper emphasizes on the impact of military expenditures on out of pocket (OOP) healthcare payments. A sizeable body of defence economics literature has investigated the trade-off between military and public health expenditure, by testing the crowding-out or growth-stimulating hypothesis;does military expenditure scaling up crowd-out or promote governmental resources for social and welfare programs, including also state health financing?Design/methodology/approachIn this study, panel data from 2000 to 2018 for 129 countries is used to examine the impact of military expenditure on OOP healthcare payments. The dataset of countries is categorized into four income-groups based on World Bank's income-group classification. Dynamic panel data methodology is applied to meet study objectives.FindingsThe findings of this study indicate that military expenditure positively affects OOP payments in all the selected groups of countries, strongly supporting in this way the crowding-out hypothesis whereby increased military expenditure reduces the public financing on health. Study econometric results are robust since different and alternative changes in specifications and samples are applied in our analysis.Practical implicationsUnder the economic downturn backdrop for several economies in the previous decade and on the foreground of a potential limited governmental fiscal space related to the Covid-19 pandemic adverse economic effects, this study provides evidence that policy-makers have to adjust their government policy initiatives and prioritize Universal Health Coverage objectives. Consequently, the findings of this study reflect the necessity of governments as far as possible to moderate military expenditures and increase public financing on health in order to strengthen health care systems efficiency against households OOP spending for necessary healthcare utilization.Originality/valueDespite the fact that a sizeable body of defence economics literature has extensively examined the impact of military spending on total and public health expenditures, nevertheless to the best of our knowledge there is no empirical evidence of any direct effect of national defence spending on the main private financing component of health systems globally;the OOP healthcare payments.

COVID-19 pandemic: ethical issues and recommendations for emergency triage.

The current epidemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a public health event worldwide. Through ethical analysis of a series of epidemic prevention phenomena and epidemic prevention measures taken by the Chinese (and other countries) government and medical institutions during the COVID-19 pandemic, this paper discusses a series of ethical difficulties in hospital emergency triage caused by the COVID-19, including the autonomy limitation of patients and waste of epidemic prevention resources due to over-triage, the safety problem of patients because of inaccurate feedback information from intelligent epidemic prevention technology, and conflicts between individual interests of patients and public interests due to the "strict" implementation of the pandemic prevention and control system. In addition, we also discuss the solution path and strategy of these ethical issues from the perspective of system design and implementation based on the Care Ethics theory.

How Mass surveillance Crowds Out Installations of COVID-19 Contact Tracing Applications

During the COVID-19 pandemic, many countries have developed contact tracing technologies to curb the spread of the disease by locating and isolating people who have been in contact with coronavirus carriers. Subsequently, understanding why people install and use contact tracing applications is becoming central to their effectiveness and impact. However, involuntary systems can crowd out the use of voluntary applications when several contact tracing initiatives are employed simultaneously. To investigate this hypothesis, we analyze the concurrent deployment of two contact tracing technologies in Israel: centralized mass surveillance technologies and a voluntary contact tracing mobile app. Based on a representative survey of Israelis (n=519), our findings show that positive attitudes toward mass surveillance were related to a reduced likelihood of installing contact tracing apps and an increased likelihood of uninstalling them. These results also hold when controlling for privacy concerns, attitudes toward the app, trust in authorities, and demographic properties. We conclude the paper by suggesting a broader framework for analyzing crowding out effects in ecosystems that combine involuntary surveillance and voluntary participation. © 2023 ACM.

Social carrying capacity and emotion dynamics in urban national parks during the COVID-19 pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the mobility, accessibility, and behaviors of visitors dramatically. Under the impact of COVID-19, the social carrying capacity and emotion dynamics in parks and recreation areas are expected to change due to the uncertainty of health risks associated with visitors' behaviors. This study con-ducted an on-site visitor survey at Leiqiong Global Geological Park, a national park located in urban-proximate areas in Haikou, China. This study aims to examine factors impacting visitors' perceived crowding and emotions under varying levels of visitor use in urban national parks in the context of COVID-19. Study results suggest that visitors have the highest level of motivation for scenery and culture viewing and are generally satisfied with the environmental quality and design and COVID-19 prevention strategies and implementation efforts within the park. Moreover, this study suggests that the level of crowding and COVID-19 prevention strategies and imple-mentation can affect visitors' emotions in urban natioanl parks significantly. These findings highlight the importance of enforcing the social carrying capacity limits and COVID-19 prevention strategies for urban parks and protected areas to mitigate physical and mental health risks during the COVID-19 pandemic. Management implication: This study is one of the pilot studies that examines the social carrying capacity and emotion dynamics in urban national parks under the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Study results identify the thresholds of social carrying capacity and visitors' positive emotions based on the indicator of People Per View (PPV). Moreover, COVID-19 prevention strategies (e.g., mask-wearing and social distancing) can reduce visitors' perceived crowding and enhance positive emotions. These findings suggest that urban national parks should monitor visitor use levels based on the social carrying capacity framework to reduce visitors' perceived crowding and maintain positive emotions in the post-COVID-19 era.

Technology and Overtourism: A Paradoxical Perspective

The unprecedented growth of the tourism and hospitality sector globally correlates with the advancement of digital media and technological tools. The dominance of information and communication technology is prevalent at every stage of travelers' decision making process (i.e., from searching for a suitable destination to posting feedback on social media platforms). Not only the travelers' behavior patterns are influenced by technology, but destinations also utilize technology for marketing and enhancing consumers' experience. Nevertheless, the advancement of technology has acted like a double-axed sword for the tourism sector. Frequently, digital media is held accountable for popularising a destination to an extent that it becomes a hub for mass-tourism. Issues like tourismphobia, anti-tourism movements, and touristification etc. are gaining hype through technology and online social platforms. Alternatively, destination managers utilise technological tools to sustain tourism growth and visitor experience for better management. Information and communication technology (ICT) has played a key role in influencing tourists to visit popular destinations that led to the issue of overtourism. Likewise, the incorporation of technology is equally vital in managing the tourists' flow, and subsequently, avoiding crowding and overtourism. The chapter aims to highlight the ambidextrous role of technology in overtourism. The study is conceptual and uses short cases of various popular destinations affected by overtourism and how technology served as an emancipator to combat the unsustainable consumption patterns. The chapter discusses the practical implications of utilising technology to combat issues leading to unsustainability in tourism. It also highlights the emerging role of technology in enhancing visitors' experience in the post-COVID-19 scenario. This study presents a holistic perspective and the relationship between technology and tourism. Several studies have discussed the bright side of technology in the tourism and hospitality sector. However, the darker side is less acknowledged. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021.

Leisure or work? Shopping behavior in neighborhood stores in a pandemic context

Purpose: This study aims to understand customer's assessments of neighborhood stores during the COVID-19 pandemic through the influence of in-store environmental factors on patronage intention. Design/methodology/approach: Online survey with 528 participants about the last shopping trip in neighborhood retail. The authors performed data analysis using structural equation modeling techniques. Findings: High-perceived spatial crowding negatively influences shopping experience value perceptions, while human crowding influences patronage intentions through increased perceived hedonic value. Research limitations/implications: Results suggest that purchase experience at well-known neighborhood stores during a sanitary crisis is becoming less convenience-oriented and a substitute for leisure activities due to social distancing. Practical implications: The findings elucidate the social function of neighborhood convenience retailing during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results emphasize that a pleasant shopping experience arising from a good relationship with shopkeepers and other customers is more influential on patronage intention than a good product assortment and store layout. Social implications: This paper contributes to the survival of small neighborhood businesses during the financial crisis installed due to Covid-19 by helping businesses become more attractive to their consumers and competitive in the new context. Originality/value: The combined context of the health crisis due to COVID-19 and neighborhood retail of an emerging country raises the need for tests to better understand established marketing theories. Based on this rationale, this work intends to replicate and extend selected previous findings to the new environment dictated by the pandemic. © 2023, Marcelo Moll Brandão, Arthur França Sarcinelli, Ananda Bisi Barcelos and Luiza Postay Cordeiro.

Aglomeração, distanciamento social e uso de máscara: efeitos na percepção de risco e comportamento de afastamento no varejo

Este artigo verificou como o uso da máscara modera o efeito da aglomeração na percepção de risco à saúde e influencia no comportamento de afastamento. Baseado na Teoria do Impacto Social, dois experimentos foram conduzidos. O primeiro (N = 179) verificou que os respondentes expostos à condição de uso de máscara obtiveram menor percepção de risco e menor comportamento de afastamento em comparação com o grupo exposto a situação sem uso de máscara. O segundo experimento (N = 94) evidenciou que um ambiente varejista sem distanciamento social apresenta respostas negativas no comportamento dos consumidores. Entretanto, o uso de máscara não apresentou efeito suficiente para moderar os impactos do distanciamento social no comportamento do consumidor. A pesquisa sugere que ambiente varejista não aglomerado, no qual há respeito às medidas de distanciamento social e uso de máscara, corresponde ao foco em que os gestores deste setor precisam centrar seus esforços objetivando tornar o ambiente varejista seguro na perspectiva do seu público-alvo, evitando comportamentos de afastamento. O estudo traz novas evidências que consubstanciam o papel do crowding no varejo, ao passo em que ajuda a compreender melhor a direção do efeito da aglomeração no contexto da Pandemia COVID-19. A inclusão do distanciamento social e do uso de máscara enquanto fatores capazes de explicar respostas do consumidor também se mostrou uma contribuição pertinente.Alternate :This article verified how the use of a mask moderates the effect of crowding on the perception of health risk and influences distancing behavior. Based on the Social Impact Theory, two experiments were conducted. The first (N = 179) found that respondents exposed to the condition of wearing a mask had a lower perception of risk and lower withdrawal behavior compared to the group exposed to the situation without wearing a mask. The second experiment (N = 94) showed that a retail environment without social distancing presents negative responses in consumer behavior. However, mask-wearing did not have a sufficient effect to moderate the impacts of social distancing on consumer behavior. The research suggests that a non-crowded retail environment, in which there is respect for social distancing measures and the use of a mask, corresponds to the focus on which managers in this sector need to focus their efforts, aiming to make the retail environment safe from the perspective of their target audience, avoiding withdrawal behaviors. The study brings new evidence that substantiates the role of crowding in retail while helping to better understand the direction of the crowding effect in the context of the COVID-19 Pandemic. The inclusion of social distancing and mask-wearing as factors capable of explaining consumer responses also proved to be a relevant contribution.

Five Level Triage vs. Four Level Triage in a Quaternary Emergency Department: National Analysis on Waiting Time, Validity, and Crowding-The CREONTE (Crowding and RE-Organization National TriagE) Study Group.

Background and Objectives: Triage systems help provide the right care at the right time for patients presenting to emergency departments (EDs). Triage systems are generally used to subdivide patients into three to five categories according to the system used, and their performance must be carefully monitored to ensure the best care for patients. Materials and Methods: We examined ED accesses in the context of 4-level (4LT) and 5-level triage systems (5LT), implemented from 1 January 2014 to 31 December 2020. This study assessed the effects of a 5LT on wait times and under-triage (UT) and over-triage (OT). We also examined how 5LT and 4LT systems reflected actual patient acuity by correlating triage codes with severity codes at discharge. Other outcomes included the impact of crowding indices and 5LT system function during the COVID-19 pandemic in the study populations. Results: We evaluated 423,257 ED presentations. Visits to the ED by more fragile and seriously ill individuals increased, with a progressive increase in crowding. The length of stay (LOS), exit block, boarding, and processing times increased, reflecting a net raise in throughput and output factors, with a consequent lengthening of wait times. The decreased UT trend was observed after implementing the 5LT system. Conversely, a slight rise in OT was reported, although this did not affect the medium-high-intensity care area. Conclusions: Introducing a 5LT improved ED performance and patient care.

Extending the servicescape conceptualization: accounting for perceptions of crowding and risks under the pandemic

Purpose: Though many conceptual and empirical studies have been conducted on the servicescape, limited research has focused on how the COVID-19 pandemic has reshaped factors influencing the servicescape. This paper aims to propose an extension of Bitner's original conceptualization, including pandemic-induced physical and social constraints on servicescape in the form of crowding, consumer risk perception during the crisis and their impact on consumers' and employees' behavioral changes in retail and hospitality sectors. Design/methodology/approach: This paper critically reviewed the past and emerging servicescape and risk literature. It then examines and delineates the concepts of crowding, density and associated risk perceptions to offer an extended servicescape framework. Alongside, scales were proposed to measure the constructs and guidelines given to conduct future empirical studies. Findings: This paper discussed the major impact on servicescape during a pandemic situation, to what extent risk is perceived during consumption and the impact of crowding and store density on employee and customer behavioral responses. Research limitations/implications: This paper principally contributes by explicitly including specific risk dimensions and crowding and proposes the scales to measure consumers' understanding of pandemic-induced perceptions of risk, crowding and density within servicescapes for further empirical testing. Alongside this, the identification and concretization of different types of perceived risks under COVID-19 provide critical and useful marketing implications. Originality/value: This study identifies relevant risk dimensions, proposes crowding as an independent construct apart from servicescape physicality and proposes relevant measures for empirical verification. © 2023, Emerald Publishing Limited.

Perceived privacy of the dwelling and psychological restoration during the COVID-19 lockdown

Dwelling is a fundamental factor for mental health. Lockdowns, established to contain the spread of SARS-CoV-2, forced millions of people to take shelter in their homes, enhancing the need to understand the characteristics of the dwelling that promote psychological restoration. In this paper, we analyze the relationship between some perceived conditions of dwelling habitability (appreciation of the physical environment, visible nature, crowding, and privacy) and their effect on psychological restoration through the concept of the perceived restorativeness of dwelling. An online survey was carried out with the participation of 478 Mexican adults. Physical environment, visible nature, crowding, and privacy showed significant correlations with the perceived restorativeness of housing and psychological restoration itself. However, only privacy showed an effect on psychological restoration in structural modelling. We propose that privacy is fundamental to improving dwellings' restorativeness and restoring their inhabitants, and experts should consider it when designing housing spaces. However, more evidence is needed to generalize beyond the context of lockdowns. © 2023 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

Love in the time of COVID-19: How couples stayed ‘at home' during the first lockdown in Italy

How did the initial COVID-19 lockdown affect family life in terms of household chores, childcare, finances, communication, sexuality and other spheres of a romantic relationship? How do these issues differ based on whether the couple is in a long-distance relationship, dating but not living together, or is married or cohabitating, with or without children? Drawing on a virtual ethnography of Italian social-media communities, sixteen follow-up online interviews with eight adult couples and a discussion of their ‘Corona diaries', this contribution extends a practice-based approach to focus on couples' experiences, feelings and coping strategies during the COVID-19 lockdown temporalities of Spring 2020 in Italy. Forced self-isolation eroded feelings of ontological safety, making especially non-cohabiting partners feel even more vulnerable to the stress of contagion risk and loneliness. This phenomenon in some cases even de-romanticized the relationship to avoid feeling the lack of the partner. On the contrary, cohabiting couples revealed a discomfort linked to ‘domestic gravity' and daily crowding, or the difficulty of safeguarding small moments of solitude. Conflicts were particularly exacerbated when partners had to reconcile agile work, childcare and domestic work. Working mothers with young children are among those most affected by the increased workload and resulting frustration.

Protest in unlikely times: dynamics of collective mobilization in Europe during the COVID-19 crisis

Based on an original protest event analysis (PEA) dataset covering 30 European countries, this paper provides three sets of results. Despite its unlikeliness due to lockdowns and social distancing measures, protest during COVID-19 has hardly been put to a halt even if, as a result of the restrictions imposed by the lockdown measures on the opportunities of public collective actions, protest occurred at significantly lower levels compared to pre-COVID-19 times, in terms of number of events and, above all, in terms of the number of participants. Moreover, protest was refocused on COVID-19-related issues, in particular on protest against the restrictions imposed by the government lockdowns, while non-COVID-19 issues, in particular economic issues, were crowded out. In addition, protest during the COVID-19-crisis also responded to highly contingent national context conditions which varied between the different regions of Europe. [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Journal of European Public Policy is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)